The possibilities of fast charging of lithium-ion batteries are determined, first of all, by the kinetics of current-producing processes during charging, and, therefore, depend on the nature of the electrochemical system, the structure of the electrodes, and separators.
In general, the available lithium-ion battery non-feedback-based charging strategies can be divided into four model-free methodology classes, including traditional, fast, optimized, and electrochemical-parameter-based (EP-based) charging approaches as shown in Figure 3 [36 - 40].
The expanding use of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and other industries has accelerated the need for new efficient charging strategies to enhance the speed and reliability of the charging process without decaying battery performance indices.
To achieve intelligent monitoring and management of lithium-ion battery charging strategies, techniques such as equivalent battery models, cloud-based big data, and machine learning can be leveraged.
Experiments proved that the method could shorten charge time and prolong cycle life compared to a 1C constant current - constant voltage (CC-CV) protocol. Overall, much remains to be studied regarding mechanical degradation in Li-ion batteries under fast charging conditions.
The total charging time in the CC-CV charging method varies depending on the battery capacity and the value of the charging current in the CC mode. Generally, the battery life and charging efficiency increase as the charging current decreases under the CC mode.