Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) can effectively solve the intermittent renewable energy issues and gradually become the most attractive candidate for large-scale stationary energy storage. However, their low energy density and high cost still bring challenges to the widespread use of VRFBs.
Effects of operating temperature on the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries. Titanium nitride nanorods array-decorated graphite felt as highly efficient negative electrode for iron–chromium redox flow battery. The effects of design parameters on the charge-discharge performance of iron-chromium redox flow batteries.
No transfer of vanadium ions across the membrane will ensure maximum coulombic efficiency and any crossover of vanadium/other species into the opposing cell will result in self discharge and reduced energy efficiency in the cell .