Another aspect that should be looked into to achieve an optimal selection, dimensioning, and management of energy storage systems is the perspective of economic generation and utilisation of electricity for onboard power systems. One of the proposed methods was presented in .
The topology of the connection between container energy storage elements and the onboard grid. The maximum number of connected containers is determined by many parameters resulting from the system design. For example, one such parameter is the maximum power for which the DC/DC converter connected to the stack will be designed.
Proposes an optimal scheduling model built on functions on power and heat flows. Energy Storage Technology is one of the major components of renewable energy integration and decarbonization of world energy systems. It significantly benefits addressing ancillary power services, power quality stability, and power supply reliability.
The most commonly used ESS for onboard utility are battery energy storage systems (BESS) and hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) based on fuel cells (FC) [12, 13, 14]. Modern BESS for onboard utility can be classicized into two groups of batteries: lead-acid and Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion).
It highlights the importance of considering multiple factors, including technical performance, economic viability, scalability, and system integration, in selecting ESTs. The need for continued research and development, policy support, and collaboration between energy stakeholders is emphasized to drive further advancements in energy storage.
Literature proposed a multi-subject energy management system for optimizing the operation of large-scale port refrigeration box groups, which can simultaneously schedule a large number of refrigeration boxes in multiple yards to achieve peak shaving and valley filling of port loads.