Compared diverse methods, their similarities, pros/cons, and prospects. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO 4, LFP), as an outstanding energy storage material, plays a crucial role in human society. Its excellent safety, low cost, low toxicity, and reduced dependence on nickel and cobalt have garnered widespread attention, research, and applications.
Owing to the low electrical conductivity (<10−9 S cm −1) of the ordered olivine structure, small lithium iron phosphate particles, in intimate contact with conductive carbon, must be used to avoid inactive areas in the bulk electrode and to reduce the distance for Li + transport in the solid.
The lifecycle and primary research areas of lithium iron phosphate encompass various stages, including synthesis, modification, application, retirement, and recycling. Each of these stages is indispensable and relatively independent, holding significant importance for sustainable development.
A lithium-iron-phosphate battery refers to a battery using lithium iron phosphate as a positive electrode material, which has the following advantages and characteristics. The requirements for battery assembly are also stricter and need to be completed under low-humidity conditions.
The synthesis of lithium-iron-phosphate is a complex reaction process, including a solid phosphate, iron oxide, lithium salt, carbon precursor, and reducing gas phase. In this complicated reaction process, it is difficult to ensure the consistency of the reaction.
Lithium iron phosphate, a stable three-dimensional phospho-olivine, which is known as the natural mineral triphylite (see olivine structure in Figure 9 (c)), delivers 3.3–3.6 V and more than 90% of its theoretical capacity of 165 Ah kg −1; it offers low cost, long cycle life, and superior thermal and chemical stability.