The 2020 Cost and Performance Assessment analyzed energy storage systems from 2 to 10 hours. The 2022 Cost and Performance Assessment analyzes storage system at additional 24- and 100-hour durations.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s 2020 Grid Energy Storage Technologies Cost and Performance Assessment provides a range of cost estimates for technologies in 2020 and 2030 as well as a framework to help break down different cost categories of energy storage systems.
Aside from the physical site engineering, the electrical and communication interface between the energy storage system and the utility system must be considered and addressed. System engineering considerations include, but are not limited to, the following: ESS design.
Elements for developing energy storage project requirements are illustrated in Figure 2-2; they include ownership assignment, ESS system performance, communications and control system requirements, location requirements (including protection requirements) and site availability, and local constraints.
The 2020 Cost and Performance Assessment provided installed costs for six energy storage technologies: lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, lead-acid batteries, vanadium redox flow batteries, pumped storage hydro, compressed-air energy storage, and hydrogen energy storage.
Safety: Minimum safety and operating requirements are common considerations for energy projects. Energy storage resources present additional safety concerns given their unique technological profiles. For battery storage technologies in particular, safety requirements should adequately address fire risks.