Energy storage systems: Developed in partnership with Tesla, the Hornsdale Power Reserve in South Australia employs liquid-cooled Li-ion battery technology. Connected to a wind farm, this large-scale energy storage system utilizes liquid cooling to optimize its efficiency .
Therefore, the current lithium-ion battery thermal management technology that combines multiple cooling systems is the main development direction. Suitable cooling methods can be selected and combined based on the advantages and disadvantages of different cooling technologies to meet the thermal management needs of different users. 1. Introduction
With the increasing application of the lithium-ion battery, higher requirements are put forward for battery thermal management systems. Compared with other cooling methods, liquid cooling is an efficient cooling method, which can control the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference of the battery within an acceptable range.
Luo et al. achieved the ideal operating temperature of lithium-ion batteries by integrating thermoelectric cooling with water and air cooling systems. A hydraulic-thermal-electric multiphysics model was developed to evaluate the system's thermal performance.
RAF can reduce maximum temperature by up to 15 % and produce better uniformity compared to UDAF . Table 2 summarizes recent studies on air cooling methods for lithium-ion battery thermal management, highlighting advancements and key findings from the past 2–3 years.
Moreover, Chen et al. tested a PCM-based thermal management design with adjustable fins for lithium-ion batteries, integrating PCM, aluminum fins, and air cooling. Experiments at different room temperatures evaluated cooling effectiveness.