Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are considered the prime candidate for both EVs and energy storage technologies , but the limitations in term of cost, performance and the constrained lithium supply have also attracted wide attention , .
Since 2010, more and more utility-scale battery storage plants rely on lithium-ion batteries, as a result of the fast decrease in the cost of this technology, caused by the electric automotive industry. Lithium-ion batteries are mainly used.
Among several battery technologies, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) exhibit high energy efficiency, long cycle life, and relatively high energy density. In this perspective, the properties of LIBs, including their operation mechanism, battery design and construction, and advantages and disadvantages, have been analyzed in detail.
Not only are lithium-ion batteries widely used for consumer electronics and electric vehicles, but they also account for over 80% of the more than 190 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of battery energy storage deployed globally through 2023.
Battery energy storage systems (BESS) Electrochemical methods, primarily using batteries and capacitors, can store electrical energy. Batteries are considered to be well-established energy storage technologies that include notable characteristics such as high energy densities and elevated voltages .
The Li-ion battery is classified as a lithium battery variant that employs an electrode material consisting of an intercalated lithium compound. The authors Bruce et al. (2014) investigated the energy storage capabilities of Li-ion batteries using both aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes, as well as lithium-Sulfur (Li S) batteries.