This research extensively discusses the advancement of integrated solar and wind energy with green hydrogen systems for efficient hydrogen production, storage, and consumption. It highlights recent technological developments, such as improved electrolyzers and enhanced energy storage.
Improving hydrogen production using solar energy involves developing efficient solar thermochemical cycles, such as the copper-chlorine cycle, and integrating them better with solar thermal systems. Advancements in photolysis for direct solar-to-hydrogen conversion and improving the efficiency of water electrolysis with solar power are crucial.
The PV/WT/BG/Bat hybrid system was identified as the best option for meeting electricity demands, with PV panels, wind turbines, and biogas generators contributing 53.3%, 35.0%, and 11.6% of the electricity, respectively. The hybrid system's efficiency was 79.72% without the thermoelectric generator subsystem and 80.69% with it.
At an efficiency of about 61%, the production of 239 kg/h has been attained. Thus, the H 2 -generating system’s solar and wind energy can be used for desalination, electricity, cooling, and heating in addition to producing hydrogen. A summary of the features of a few hybrid solar–wind hydrogen systems is shown in Table 6. Table 6.
Hybrid solar–wind–hydrogen systems employ multi-layered control strategies to manage renewable energy fluctuations across various timescales. Short-term responses (seconds to minutes) utilize power electronics, battery storage, and fuel cells for rapid adjustments.
Advancements in photolysis for direct solar-to-hydrogen conversion and improving the efficiency of water electrolysis with solar power are crucial. Comprehensive economic and environmental analyses are essential to support the adoption and scalability of these solar-based hydrogen production technologies.