Based on that, a new charging methodology of a super-capacitor module is also developed in our laboratory. For Nippon DDLE-super-capacitors, the maximum charging voltage is 3.5 V; to do that, one can only inject 1 Amp constant current. If one pump more or less current, then the capacitor will not be charged to 3.5 V (see Fig. 8 b).
Here, the super-capacitors are compared with conventional battery (lithium-ion, sodium-ion battery) on various different prospective such as energy density, power density, reliability, life cycle, a high instantaneous current application.
Another option is to pump high current and charge the capacitor up to a certain lower voltage (≤3.5 V) and then drop the current to charge the capacitors to some higher voltage and keep doing it till we get 3.5 V. In the last stage of charging, we will be driving close to 1Amp.
The combination of both super-capacitors, along with the battery, can help one to define a new energy storage system . This is because the lithium-ion battery has the potentials to have a high value of specific energy, and that feature played a vital role in developing batteries, which can have 500 Wh/kg.
Typically, a combination of larger decoupling capacitors (10µF to 100µF) near the power supply and smaller bypass capacitors (0.01µF to 0.1µF) directly at the power pins of the microcontroller is used. The package size of the capacitors should be chosen based on the available board space and routing constraints.
Generally, a combination of larger bulk capacitors (1-100μF) and smaller high-frequency capacitors (0.01-0.1μF) is used. Specific calculations based on the circuit's needs are often necessary for optimal selection.