quency regulation services. However, modern power systems with high penetration levels of generation. Therefore, de-loading of renewable energy generations to provide frequency reg- ulation is not technically and economically viable. As such, energy storage systems, which support are the most suitable candidate to address these problems.
The frequency regulation (FR) demand is difficult to meet due to the slow response and low climbing rate of traditional FR resources. As a new type of flexible regulatory resource with a bidirectional regulation function [ 3, 4 ], energy storage (ES) has attracted more attention in participation in automatic generation control (AGC).
The demand power for frequency regulation of ES for the four penetration scenarios is 203 MW, 290 MW, 483 MW, and 702 MW at 90% of the confidence level, which is equivalent to 1.68%, 2.22%, 3.41%, and 4.53% of the total installed system capacity respectively.
The frequency regulation power optimization framework for multiple resources is proposed. The cost, revenue, and performance indicators of hybrid energy storage during the regulation process are analyzed. The comprehensive efficiency evaluation system of energy storage by evaluating and weighing methods is established.
The demand power and demand capacity for frequency regulation of ES for the entire typical scenario operating time can be obtained through the calculation of Eq. (34). (34) {p fr s max E = max t ∈ T {p fr s t max E} E fr s max E = max t ∈ T {E fr s t max E}
As a new type of flexible regulatory resource with a bidirectional regulation function [ 3, 4 ], energy storage (ES) has attracted more attention in participation in automatic generation control (AGC). It also has become essential to the future frequency regulation auxiliary service market [ 5 ].