To address these limitations, a number of next-generation battery technologies including high-nickel, silicon anode-based, lithium–sulfur, lithium–air, and solid-state batteries have been developed. However, the energy requirements and resulting greenhouse gas emissions are yet unknown, which could impact their future commercialization.
Designing lead carbon batteries could be new era in energy storage applications. Although, lead-acid battery (LAB) is the most commonly used power source in several applications, but an improved lead-carbon battery (LCB) could be believed to facilitate innovations in fields requiring excellent electrochemical energy storage.
As one of the core technologies of NEVs, power battery accounts for over 30% of the cost of NEVs, directly determines the development level and direction of NEVs. In 2020, the installed capacity of NEV batteries in China reached 63.3 GWh, and the market size reached 61.184 billion RMB, gaining support from many governments.
Modern battery technology offers a number of advantages over earlier models, including increased specific energy and energy density (more energy stored per unit of volume or weight), increased lifetime, and improved safety .
According to incomplete statistics, its proportion can reach 35%. From the global development of NEVs, the cathode material of the battery mainly includes lead–acid batteries, lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP) batteries, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries .
For grid-scale energy storage applications including RES utility grid integration, low daily self-discharge rate, quick response time, and little environmental impact, Li-ion batteries are seen as more competitive alternatives among electrochemical energy storage systems.