In this paper, the governing equations of lead-acid battery including conservation of charge in solid and liquid phases and conservation of species are solved simultaneously during discharge, rest and charge processes using an efficient reduced order model based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD).
Periodically fully charging a lead–acid battery is essential to maintain capacity and usability. In traditional UPS or cyclic use, full recharge normally occurs following any discharge. This is in contrast to partial-state-of-charge use. In this use case, multiple shallow cycles of less than 50% of the battery capacity occur before a full charge.
Gu et al. introduced a model with an integrated formulation for battery dynamics to predict transient behaviors of lead-acid batteries. Esfahanian and Torabi applied the Keller-Box method to the coupled one-dimensional electrochemical transport equations in order to simulate lead-acid batteries.
Currently, stationary energy-storage only accounts for a tiny fraction of the total sales of lead–acid batteries. Indeed the total installed capacity for stationary applications of lead–acid in 2010 (35 MW) was dwarfed by the installed capacity of sodium–sulfur batteries (315 MW), see Figure 13.13.
To use lead-acid batteries in such a high demand systems requires accurate modeling within reasonable time for practical application. Traditionally, design parameters of lead-acid battery are evaluated experimentally which is time consuming and costly.
The factor limiting the charging speed of lead–acid batteries is often the dissolution of the sulphate crystals in the negative active mass. This greater resistance means that the cell reaches the constant-voltage stage at a lower state of charge. As such, the cell needs longer in the constant-voltage stage to reach a full state of charge.