Primary batteries are those which cannot be used again once their stored energy is being used fully. These batteries cannot restore energy by any external source. This is the reason primary cells are also called disposable batteries. A major factor reducing the lifetime of primary batteries is that they become polarized during use.
The oxygen present in the air reacts with the hydroxyl ion and form zincate. This Zincate forms zinc oxide and water returns to the electrolyte. Rechargeable batteries are also known as secondary cell. It can be use again and again by plugging them into charge and get multiple uses before the battery needs to be replaced.
Non-rechargeable batteries also known as primary batteries or primary cell. Primary batteries are those which cannot be used again once their stored energy is being used fully. These batteries cannot restore energy by any external source. This is the reason primary cells are also called disposable batteries.
Lithium cell batteries are comes in coin or button type design form. It provider higher voltage (3V) value than the zinc, alkaline and manganese batteries. Lithium cells are smaller in size and lighter in weight. The internal resistance of lithium cells are high and they are not rechargeable.
As the demand for batteries continues to rise with the increasing adoption of electric vehicles and renewable energy systems, the development of efficient battery-recycling technology becomes crucial. In addition, alternative batteries are being developed that reduce reliance on rare earth metals.
Secondary batteries are therefore more environmentally friendly and cost-effective in the long run compared to primary batteries. Examples of secondary batteries include nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, lead–acid batteries, Li–ion batteries and solid-state batteries. Figure 4: The process flow diagram for secondary batteries.