Battery degradation refers to the progressive loss of a battery’s capacity and performance over time, presenting a significant challenge in various applications relying on stored energy . Figure 1 shows the battery degradation mechanism. Several factors contribute to battery degradation.
Authors have claimed that the degradation mechanism of lithium-ion batteries affected anode, cathode and other battery structures, which are influenced by some external factors such as temperature. However, the effect of battery degradation on EV and energy storage system has not been taken into consideration.
As batteries degrade, their capacity to store and deliver energy diminishes, resulting in reduced overall energy storage capabilities. This degradation translates into shorter operational lifespans for energy storage systems, requiring more frequent replacements or refurbishments, which escalates operational costs.
Battery degradation affects each battery cell in the battery energy storage system (BESS), which in turn causes capacity fading throughout the system. Waldmann et al. estimated an 18% capacity fade in lithium Li 0.89 NiCoO 2 during the first charge discharge cycle .
This review consolidates current knowledge on the diverse array of factors influencing battery degradation mechanisms, encompassing thermal stresses, cycling patterns, chemical reactions, and environmental conditions.
The degradation of lithium-ion battery can be mainly seen in the anode and the cathode. In the anode, the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) increases the impendence which degrades the battery capacity.