Since lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have long been the primary energy source for electric vehicles (EVs), their intrinsic qualities such as their high energy density, extended cycle life, and low self-discharge rate have made LIBs ubiquitous in the field.
Because of the high cost, wide availability, and toxicity of the ingredients used in lithium-ion batteries, sustainability is an issue. Solid-state lithium batteries are a viable option that feature eco-friendly chemistries and materials.
Despite extensive research, lithium-metal batteries have not yet replaced lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. The authors explore critical industry needs for advancing lithium-metal battery designs for electric vehicles and conclude with cell design recommendations.
Lithium-ion battery technology is implemented for electric vehicles and spacecraft because of its high usable energy, prolonged life cycle, battery safety, and low self-discharge. A lithium battery pack needs an efficient battery management system (BMS) to monitor the individual cell voltage, current, temperature, state of charge, and discharge.
Solid-state lithium batteries have the potential to replace traditional lithium-ion batteries in a safe and energy-dense manner, making their industrialisation a topic of attention. The high cost of solid-state batteries, which is attributable to materials processing costs and limited throughput manufacturing, is, however, a significant obstacle.
In general, improving manufacturing efficiency of solid-state lithium batteries depends on material choice, processing strategy, system architecture, and production chain optimisation. 4.3. Impacts of SSLB industrialization on the efficiency and performance of electric vehicles