Hence, a control model needs to develop to enhance the protection of battery. Therefore, the key issue of the research is to investigate the performance of Li-ion battery energy management system (BMS) for electrical vehicle applications by monitoring and balancing the cell voltage level of battery banks using Simulink software.
Therefore, it causes an early replacement. Development of control methods seeks battery protection and a longer life expectancy, thus the constant-current–constant-voltage method is mostly used. However, several studies show that charging time can be reduced by using fuzzy logic control or model predictive control.
Development of control methods seeks battery protection and a longer life expectancy, thus the constant-current–constant-voltage method is mostly used. However, several studies show that charging time can be reduced by using fuzzy logic control or model predictive control. Another benefit is temperature control.
As voltage is not usually controlled, this can cause battery overcharging and a temperature rise, resulting in battery life degradation [28, 30]. 2.2. Constant Voltage (CV) This method is commonly used to charge the battery by applying a constant voltage on its terminals. During the initial stage of charging, the charge current is high.
Control methods commonly used in battery charging are: constant current (CC), constant voltage (CV), two-step charging (i.e., CC–CV), pulse charging (PC), reflex charging or negative pulse charging (NPC), trickle charge or taper-current (TC), and float charge (FC) [28, 29, 30, 31]. 2.1. Constant Current (CC)
Another solution receiving increasing attention is the use of hybrid energy storage systems (HESS), such as integrating ultracapacitors (UCs) for high-frequency events, to extend the lifetime of the battery [84, 85]. 5. BESS energy management targets