In their initial stages, LIBs provided a substantial volumetric energy density of 200 Wh L −1, which was almost twice as high as the other concurrent systems of energy storage like Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) and Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries .
1. Introduction Among numerous forms of energy storage devices, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely accepted due to their high energy density, high power density, low self-discharge, long life and not having memory effect , .
Especially in the field of electromobility, research is currently being conducted on lithium battery energy density. Future rechargeable lithium batteries are expected to achieve an energy density of over 400 Wh/kg based on Li-sulphur or up to 800 Wh/l based on Li-Air.
The first part summarizes yearly energy consumption of the world, and compares fossil fuel storage (over 10 000 TerraWatt-hour) with anticipated lithium ion battery production capacity (1.5 TerraWatt-hour/year in 2025). Conclusion is that lithium ion battery production volumes are too small for mass storage the coming decade.
Recently, Lithium Technology Corporation has developed lithium-ion cells with a capacity of 500 Ah and an energy content of 1.8 kWh in a single cell. A battery for an electric vehicle is shown in Figure 16.8. FIGURE 16.8.
Specific energy is estimated at 2600 Wh kg −1 (theoretically) and 150–378 Wh kg −1 (in practice). The lithium–sulfur battery consists of a lithium anode (−), and a sulfur cathode (+). During discharge lithium sulfides are formed, and Li 2 S is deposited on the carbon matrix.