Energy storage systems and electric vehicles are essential in stabilizing microgrids, particularly those with a high reliance on intermittent renewable energy sources. Storage systems, such as batteries, are essential for smoothing out the fluctuations that arise from renewable energy generation.
With the advancements of batteries and supercapacitors have seen some production of EVs having same or even higher total mileage per full tank, some even reach 580 km per charge. The energy generated from solar cell is one of the best sources of energy to integrate with the batteries and supercapacitors for electric vehicles.
However, the problem entirely becomes an advantage when the solar cells are incorporated in the same structure as the energy storage device. These can include such as portable power banks with solar cells, calculators, electric vehicles, etc.
This integrated device stores maximum energy generated from the solar cell as one electrode is common in energy generating and energy storage devices. In other words, energy generating, and storage devices are packed in a single device which reduces the weight and volume.
Electric vehicles, equipped with bidirectional charging capabilities, can function both as energy consumers and providers. During times of excess energy production, EVs can be charged, effectively acting as distributed energy storage units.
In order to meet the growing charging demand for EVs and overcome its negative impact on the power grid, new EV charging stations integrating photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems (ESSs) have emerged. However, the output of solar PV systems and the charging demand of EVs are both characterized by uncertainty and dynamics.