1. Introduction Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) provide effective energy storage for an array of applications, such as electric vehicles, mobile communication, and stationary energy storage units. (1,2,3) However, the current generation of LIBs is limited by energy density, lifespan, and safety.
Currently, the main drivers for developing Li‐ion batteries for efficient energy applications include energy density, cost, calendar life, and safety. The high energy/capacity anodes and cathodes needed for these applications are hindered by challenges like: (1) aging and degradation; (2) improved safety; (3) material costs, and (4) recyclability.
2. Lithium-metal battery and lithium-ion battery In a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery (LIB), lithium ions move between the anode and cathode through an electrolyte and separator during charge and discharge cycles, with electrons flowing through an external circuit to provide power, as illustrated in Fig. 1 a.
Taking an advantage of direct and indirect anatase sources, we have performed a simple sol-gel synthesis with two various titanium sources, i.e., titanium dioxide and tetrabutyl titanate, in order to investigate their impact on synthesis and electrochemical properties of the LTO anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
Fig. 2 illustrates the thermal failure mechanism of lithium-ion batteries. (Ⅳ) Lithium dendrite growth: The growth of lithium dendrites consumes electrolyte and results in irreversible deposition of metallic lithium.
Lithium batteries are emerging as key contenders for next-generation energy storage due to their high energy density, and promising advances in consumer electronics and electric vehicles.