One of the challenges for fast charging is the massive heat generated by high charging currents [ 4 ]. The appropriate operating temperature of the LIB should be within the range of 25–40 °C [ 5, 6 ]. Besides, the temperature difference in a battery module is better to be controlled within 5 °C [ 7].
These current limits are time dependent and constantly changing. Therefore, current limit estimation or State of Power (SoP) estimation is a continually evolving map. Typically the time window will be from 1 second to 30 seconds for an electric vehicle.
The battery temperature located at the water inlet is lowest, whereas the battery temperature located at the water outlet is the highest. Therefore, in a battery module, the maximum temperature difference depends on the battery temperatures located at the water inlet and outlet.
1. Introduction Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dominate as the energy storage devices of choice in applications ranging from mobile electronics to electric vehicles. The operational characteristics of LIBs are temperature dependent, and frequently find themselves exposed to drastically varying temperatures while in operation.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dominate as the energy storage devices of choice in applications ranging from mobile electronics to electric vehicles. The operational characteristics of LIBs are temperature dependent, and frequently find themselves exposed to drastically varying temperatures while in operation.
The results indicate that the optimal charging strategy can achieve a balance between temperature uniformity and charging time at a battery module level. The numerical results of the GA charging strategy, MCC-CV charging strategy and CC-CV charging strategy are listed in Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4, respectively. Table 2.