It has been the most successful commercialized aqueous electrochemical energy storage system ever since. In addition, this type of battery has witnessed the emergence and development of modern electricity-powered society. Nevertheless, lead acid batteries have technologically evolved since their invention.
Although lead acid batteries are an ancient energy storage technology, they will remain essential for the global rechargeable batteries markets, possessing advantages in cost-effectiveness and recycling ability.
Normally, as the lead–acid batteries discharge, lead sulfate crystals are formed on the plates. Then during charging, a reversed electrochemical reaction takes place to decompose lead sulfate back to lead on the negative electrode and lead oxide on the positive electrode.
Lead batteries cover a range of different types of battery which may be flooded and require maintenance watering or valve-regulated batteries and only require inspection.
Improvements to lead battery technology have increased cycle life both in deep and shallow cycle applications. Li-ion and other battery types used for energy storage will be discussed to show that lead batteries are technically and economically effective. The sustainability of lead batteries is superior to other battery types.
Electrode potentials and cell voltage for a typical flooded lead–acid battery As charging proceeds, the potentials keep gradually increasing until end of charge is reached. At this point, all lead sulfate is converted to lead on the negative electrode and to lead dioxide on the positive; and the charge is complete.