The lead–acid battery is an old system, and its aging processes have been thoroughly investigated. Reviews regarding aging mechanisms, and expected service life, are found in the monographs by Bode and Berndt , and elsewhere , . The present paper is an up-date, summarizing the present understanding.
Positive active mass degradation and loss of coherence to the grid Loss of coherence between individual particles of the positive active mass, or loss of contact between positive active mass and grid, is a dominant aging factor in batteries subjected to cycling regimes.
Ageing of lead acid batteries isvery complex and it needs to be admitted that it is still not fully understood in all cases.
The results of the impedance measurements on a lead-acid battery cell show that cell ageing associated with degradation mechanisms has a significant effect on the impedance parameters, and this measurement can be an indicator of degradation processes in the cell.
On the other hand, at very high acid concentrations, service life also decreases, in particular due to higher rates of self-discharge, due to gas evolution, and increased danger of sulfation of the active material. 1. Introduction The lead–acid battery is an old system, and its aging processes have been thoroughly investigated.
Stationary batteries, operated under float-charge conditions, will age typically by corrosion of the positive grids. On the other hand, service life of batteries subject to cycling regimes, will typically age by degradation of the structure of the positive active mass.