Moreover, a coupled PV-energy storage-charging station (PV-ES-CS) is a key development target for energy in the future that can effectively combine the advantages of photovoltaic, energy storage and electric vehicle charging piles, and make full use of them .
The energy storage can effectively store the energy generated by the PV panels and reduce the uncertainty of PV outputs. PV can also provide power for energy storage, overcoming the shortage of limited capacity of energy storage.
For the analysis of energy storage parameters, a methodology was adopted assuming that the volatility of energy prices in a year in particular years results in slight changes in the optimal parameters of the energy storage.
Detailed data are listed in Table A1, Appendix. A single PV-ES-CS can provide 1000 kWh and the maximum output power is 800 kW. VSC-1 and VSC-3 adopt constant DC voltage control to ensure stable operation of DC lines, while the remaining VSCs adopt PQ control to flexibly control the direction and size of line power transmission.
Haytham et al. established a new stochastic planning model of distributed generation (DG) in a hybrid AC/DC distribution system that aimed to minimize the installation and operation costs of distributed generations, and Monte Carlo simulations were used to process the stochastic optimization.