This Review describes what is known about the nature and impact of defects in solar cells based on perovskite-halides, with a focus on traps, recombination mechanisms, electrostatics, and defect conduction, which have an impact in both the bulk material and at the interfaces in devices.
Defects in perovskite materials typically manifest as shallow and deep trap states. The detrimental abundance of these trap states sparks premature recombination phenomena, which significantly compromise the performance of perovskite solar cells, driving them toward poor performance.
Defects induce deep energy levels in the semiconductor bandgap, which degrade the carrier lifetime and quantum efficiency of solar cells. A comprehensive knowledge of the properties of defects require electrical characterization techniques providing information about the defect concentration, spatial distribution and physical origin.
Despite the notable progress in PCE over the past decade, the inherent high defect density presenting in perovskite materials gives rise to several loss mechanisms and associated ion migration in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) during operational conditions.
Defect passivation strategies for the inorganic perovskite solar cells (IPSCs) In the domain of stability, alongside heightened efficiencies, hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs), incorporating both inorganic and organic cations, have emerged as a subject of considerable interest.
For example, X. Zheng et al. introduced the quaternary ammonium halides to passivate the ionic defects in perovskite. As a result, the resulting Perovskite Solar Cell (PSC) demonstrated an enhanced PCE% and maintained stability under ambient conditions.
Although it is still possible to attain high efficiencies on lab scale solar cells with an active area less than 1 cm 2, the uncontrolled high/low density of defects are expected to be one of the main factors that influence the efficiency variations …